manipulates the electromagnetic wavelength being used. In the past, manipulation of wavelengths has been successful, however, only in the 2D space and in the longer microwave band of 1 mm to 30 cm, which compares to a wavelength of light visible to the human...

are tiny gold squares or spirals set in a specially treated form of polyethylene, a material used in plastic bags. While others have successfully invented antennas that collect energy from lower-frequency regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as microwaves,...