installing windows 8 on a hard drive from a different laptop

You can have major issues if you don't install Windows to the same laptop. Moving the entire drive is not a good idea.

Plus, don't you think fixing the screen should come before trying to get Windows working again?

It doesn't prove much if it worked with a different PC. The main chipset may have been the same, or close enough that Windows could boot.

You can try burning an UBUNTU DVD as a simple test and boot to that with the hard drive unplugged to see if your hardware is working fine.

1) Dual-booting won't solve your issue. You need to install Windows from scratch. All dual-booting does is adds a choice as to which OS to boot from, but your issue happens AFTER this point.

2) Installing Windows - Since you already installed it on another laptop, it should be no problem to do the same thing on THIS one. Make sure to update the drivers as needed from the laptop site. You should be able to use a different Intel/AMD/NVidia graphics driver instead of the outdated laptop one. Usually you can't as the manufacture adds code into the Windows installation to prevent this (due to them modifying the graphics drivers for laptop-specific brightness or other features).

3) Desktop Monitor: There should be a KEY that you can press (sometimes Function + an F-Key) that toggles which screen is used so you can attach a desktop monitor and toggle that until you can see something on the monitor.

*I've never tried this with no Operating System installed though. Stick in the WIndows Installation disc with the monitor attached and try to get something viewable via the above key method.